Why we believe the post-Covid recovery will be different from the post-financial crisis period.
Key Points
- We believe that the consensus focused too heavily on structural phenomena to explain the weak economic recovery following the financial crisis, while neglecting the critical role of cyclical factors.
- The Covid crisis was not a financial crisis – there was no systemic credit event and the economy should bounce back far more robustly.
- There is considerable scope for those investors extrapolating the experience of the post-crisis years to be surprised by the nature of the recovery.
The failure of nominal growth to accelerate in response to extraordinary monetary policy following the global financial crisis led to the idea that monetary policy was a ‘busted flush’. The financial burden of the existing stock of debt was deemed to be so large that monetary policy was rendered impotent, and this thinking formed part of the secular stagnation thesis (the idea that structural phenomena meant the world was doomed to a future of permanently low economic growth).
However, by settling on structural phenomena to explain the weak economic recovery following the global financial crisis, the consensus overlooked the fact that it is normal for recoveries to be weak following a financial crisis, particularly one that coincides with a housing bust.
In the US and many parts of Europe, this is precisely what occurred. In the years that followed the crisis, both banks and households sought to repair their balance sheets. Households were paying down debt while banks were retaining earnings to rebuild their equity as opposed to extending credit. In this context, demand for and supply of credit was cyclically depressed, and, as a result, both bank credit growth and nominal growth were anemic.
In our view, this process of balance-sheet repair is the primary reason why the economic recovery following the financial crisis was so weak, and the secular stagnation consensus focused too much on structural phenomena while neglecting the critical role of cyclical factors. We think this is largely because the economics community failed to understand the role that money and banking play in the functioning of a modern monetary economy. With money and banking still largely absent from the economics syllabus, the error largely continues today.
As we exit economic lockdowns, the state of banking systems could not be more different from the time of the global financial crisis. Banks, generally, were far better capitalized coming into the Covid-19 crisis than they were heading into the financial crisis, and, in contrast to the years prior to the financial crisis, banks are not running balance sheets that are leveraged as high as 33x, as was the case with Bear Stearns.
Furthermore, thanks in large part to the generous income-support programs rolled out by governments, banks have actually seen delinquencies fall in the downturn. The message from banks is that losses have come in well below what they had provisioned for, but the key point is that banks are in a position to lend into this economic recovery. This is in sharp contrast to the post financial-crisis years when shrinking bank loan books went a long way to offsetting the liquidity impact of quantitative easing by central banks.
Against this backdrop, we believe many investors are making two key mistakes:
- First, they are falling foul of recency bias. There is a tendency to attribute the low-growth environment of the post-financial crisis period to structural phenomena alone, when in reality the fallout from the interrelated banking crisis and housing bust were key contributors to a weak economic recovery. As such, many investors are erroneously extrapolating the financial-market trends of the post-crisis period (secular growth, low interest rates, a strong dollar, and weak commodity prices) and are positioned accordingly.
- Second, given the scale of the contraction of economic activity, many see the events of 2020 as analogous to the events of 2008.
But the important point is that the Covid crisis was not a financial crisis – there was no systemic credit event. As vaccines are rolled out and restrictions lifted, the economy should bounce back far more robustly than in the years following the financial crisis.
There is considerable scope for those investors extrapolating the experience of the post-crisis years to be surprised by the nature of the recovery, not just as economies reopen but in the years ahead.
The outlook is complicated further by the continuing shift towards active fiscal policy accommodated by monetary policy. Nothing, of course, is guaranteed, but the evidence is building that this is the direction of travel, and, should it come to pass, it will mark a departure from the macro financial regime of the last 40 years.
In our paper ‘A monetary regime change or just a mild bout of inflation?’ we address the issue of inflation, and what it may mean for financial markets, and we explore how a robust, balanced portfolio can be structured to navigate such an environment.
Read the full paper – US institutional investors
Read the full paper – Canadian institutional investors
Authors
Brendan Mulhern
Global strategist, Real Return team
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